pakistan definition ap world history

(2021, February 16). [117] However, Jinnah broke with the Congress in 1920 when the Congress leader, Mohandas Gandhi, launched a law violating Non-Cooperation Movement against the British, which a temperamentally law-abiding barrister Jinnah disapproved of. History. As farming became more productive, it produced a surplus of food. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles, son of Eucratides, fled from the Yuezhi invasion of Bactria and relocated to Gandhara, pushing the Indo-Greeks east of the Jhelum River. Store and/or access information on a device. Thatta's prosperity was based partly on its own high-quality cotton and silk textile industry, partly on export of goods from further inland in the Punjab and northern India. For a short time in the late 16th century, Lahore was the capital of the empire. The temperatures drop significantly in December through February, while spring tends to be very warm and dry. The Kushan period is a fitting prelude to the Age of the Guptas. The Soanian is archaeological culture of the Lower Paleolithic, Acheulean. Thus Chandragupta was given Gedrosia (Balochistan) and much of what is now Afghanistan, including the modern Herat[46] and Kandahar provinces, thereby ending Macedonian control in the Indus Valley by 303 BC. Springer Nature, Switzerland: 1-26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFManuel2010 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFWitzel1989 (, Oberlies (1998:155) gives an estimate of 1100 BCE for the youngest hymns in book 10. Chach expanded the kingdom of Sindh, and his successful efforts to subjugate surrounding monarchies and ethnic groups into an empire covering the entire Indus valley and beyond were recorded in the Chach Nama. In early 1947 the British had announced their desire to grant India its independence by June 1948. [94], The Rajput Samma dynasty replaced the Rajput Soomra dynasty. Elections are held every five years and incumbents are eligible for reelection. I am afraid that we do not offer a test prep course for the AP World History exam specifically, however, you are welcome to check out our AP World History content in preparation for your exam! Pakistan has been an ally of the United States in the war on terror. Curtius in McCrindle, p. 192, J. W. McCrindle; Encyclopedia of Buddhism: "Persecutions", P. 640. 1988. p. 146], "The Divyavadana (Tibetan version) reports: 'The Buddha is in Rajgriha. Consequently, the Mukti Bahini succeeded in harassing Pakistani military in East Pakistan, thus creating conditions conducive for a full-scale Indian military intervention in early December. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and ruled a kingdom that stretched from Gandhara to Mathura. The region served both as the fertile ground of a major civilisation and as the gateway of South Asia and middle east to Central Asia and the Near East . The first tribe they encountered were the Aspasioi tribe of the Kunar Valley, who initiated a fierce battle against Alexander, in which he himself was wounded in the shoulder by a dart. There the war plan was sketched out with Bangladesh armed forces established and named "Muktifoujo". After the failure of the Cabinet Mission Plan, Jinnah called for Muslims to observe Direct Action Day to demand the creation of a separate Pakistan. No human skeletons of this age have yet been found. 90. Mohammed Ali Jinnah, called … The next day, Bangladesh was born, a name that means ‘Land of Bengalis’. While we have provided brief definitions here, you will need to know these terms in even more depth for the AP exam, including how terms connect to broader historical themes and understandings. While the western wing was larger, 55 percent of Pakistanis lived in Bengal. Punjabi is the native tongue of 48 percent of Pakistanis, with Sindhi at 12 percent, Siraiki at 10 percent, Pashtu at 8 percent, Balochi at 3 percent, and a handful of smaller language groups. The birth rate in Pakistan is relatively high, at 2.7 live births per woman, so the population is expanding rapidly. Alexander the Great destroyed the Achaemenids in 334 B.C., establishing Greek rule as far as the Punjab. The kingdom was known as the Kabul Shahan or Ratbelshahan from 565–670, when the capitals were located in Kapisa and Kabul, and later Udabhandapura, also known as Hund[85] for its new capital. A small region of Pakistan, Gwadar was under the Omani Empire. The literacy rate for adult women is only 46 percent, compared with 70 percent for men. Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (2002). [151][152] Punjab's mostly Muslim western part went to Pakistan and its mostly Hindu/Sikh eastern part went to India but there were significant Muslim minorities in Punjab's eastern section and likewise there were many Hindus and Sikhs living in Punjab's western areas. The official language of Pakistan is English, but the national language is Urdu (which is closely related to Hindi). – The Express Tribune", "The Venkat Dhulipala interview: 'On the Partition issue, Jinnah and Ambedkar were on the same page. His territories covered Panjshir and Kapisa in modern Afghanistan and extended to the Punjab region, with many tributaries to the south and east, possibly as far as Mathura. The Soomras are one of the longest running dynasties in the history of Sindh, lasting 325 years. Ahmad Shah Durrani was famous for winning wars much larger than his army. Around 325 CE, Shapur II re-gained direct dominion over the southern region of the Indo-Sassanid realm, in what is now Baluchistan, while the Kushano-Sassanians retained the northwestern Indus Valley. The area was wealthy and fertile, yet infighting led to misery and despair. [136][137], While the Congress' top leadership had been in prison following the 1942 Quit India Movement, there was intense debate among Indian Muslims over the creation of a separate homeland. In the 1950s, Pakistan bought back the region. Interestingly, Urdu is not spoken as a native language by any of Pakistan's main ethnic groups and was chosen as a neutral option for communication among the various peoples of Pakistan. On 23 February 1948, the Government of Pakistan ordained Urdu as the sole national language, sparking extensive protests among the Bengali-speaking majority of East Pakistan. For most of their history, the leading Gondopharid kings held Taxila (in the present Punjab province of Pakistan) as their residence, but during their last few years of existence the capital shifted between Kabul and Peshawar. Most Pakistan languages belong to the Indo-Aryan language family and are written in a Perso-Arabic script. To counter the Afghans, Peshwa Balaji Bajirao sent Raghunathrao. [25], The Vedic Period (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE) is postulated to have formed during the 1500 BCE to 800 BCE. The prominent Congress leader Motilal Nehru headed the committee, which included two Muslims, Syed Ali Imam and Shoaib Quereshi; Motilal's son, Pt Jawaharlal Nehru, was its secretary. However, his son and successor Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Suri who was from Bihar state of India, in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. The Mauryan Empire now controlled Punjab and Sindh. Its goals at this stage did not include establishing an independent Muslim state, but rather concentrated on protecting Muslim liberties and rights, promoting understanding between the Muslim community and other Indians, educating the Muslim and Indian community at large on the actions of the government, and discouraging violence. The empire extended from the Khyber Pass in the west, to Kashmir in the north, to Multan in the south and Kapurthala in the east. [176] Nurul Amin won one of the remaining seats. Pakistan lies at the collision point between the Indian and Asian tectonic plates. Although Buddhism was flourishing, Brahminism was resisting Buddhist advances in the Ganges Plain and when Ashoka himself converted to Buddhism, he directed his efforts towards expanding the faith in the Indo-Iranian and Hellenistic worlds. After two years of war, Chandragupta was successful in defeating Seluecus , so Seleucus reached an agreement with Chandragupta, in which he gave his daughter in marriage to Chandragupta and exchanged his eastern provinces for a considerable force of 500 war elephants, which would play a decisive role at The Battle of Ipsus (301 BCE). The history of Pakistan, a young nation created with the partition of British India in 1947, is intertwined with the history of India and the broader Indian subcontinent. Pushyamitra is said to have burned down Buddhist monasteries, destroyed stupas, massacred Buddhist monks and put rewards on their heads, but some consider these stories as probable exaggerations. Term. In 230 BC, Euthydemus overthrew Diodotus to establish himself as king, firmly establishing a Hellenistic kingdom in northern Afghanistan and Tajikistan, distinct from the neighbouring Seleucid Empire. The British Prime Minister Attlee appointed Lord Louis Mountbatten as India's last viceroy, to negotiate the independence of Pakistan and India and immediate British withdrawal. [113][114] Among those Muslims in the Congress who did not initially join the League was Jinnah, a prominent statesman and barrister in Bombay. Zia-ul-Haq committed himself to the establishment of Sharia law in Pakistan.[193]. The empire gradually declined due in part to loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories, and from the invasion by the Hunas from Central Asia. For example, he declared "Amari" or non-killing of animals in the holy days of Jainism and rolled back the jizya tax imposed upon non-Islamic mainly Hindu people. AP World History Terms. [148][149] Mountbatten later confessed that he would most probably have sabotaged the creation of Pakistan had he known that Jinnah was dying of tuberculosis.[150]. [89] Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. [44] and nominated officers as Satraps of the new provinces: When Alexander died in 323 BCE, he left behind an expansive empire stretching from Greece to the Indus River. In 328 BC, Alexander The Great of Macedonia and now the king of Persia, had conquered much of the former Satraps of the Achaemenid Empire up to Bactria. When Ashoka died in 232 BC, Mauryan hold on the Indus began weakening. • Ethnic cleansing perpetrated by Serbian forces in Yugoslavia in the early 1990s would likely have Bengali Army officer Major Ziaur Rahman captured the Kalurghat Radio Station[184][185] in Chittagong and read the declaration of independence of Bangladesh during the evening hours on 27 March. [89][90], Jayapala was succeeded by his son Anandapala,[89] who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznvids but were unsuccessful. [169] The United Front won the elections. After the so-called Sepoy Rebellion of 1857, the last Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was exiled to Burma by the British. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled themselves to the Kashmir Siwalik Hills.[90]. Muslim League: The Muslim league in India that was created in 1906, and was also part of the struggle of India's Independence with Great Britain and took a part of the Indian National Congress in some bits, and led to the formation of a new country/nation called In addition to these sectors, later in the war, three special forces were formed: Z Force, S Force and K Force. Amritsar Massacre On april 13, 1919, in the city of Amritsar, General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire into a peaceful crowd of some 10,000 demonstrators, killing at least 379 and wounding 1,200. In 1186–87, he conquered Lahore, bringing the last of Ghaznevid territory under his control and ending the Ghaznavid empire. Many infrastructure projects were started. [127] In 1935, the British government proposed to hand over substantial power to elected Indian provincial legislatures, with elections to be held in 1937. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was announced to be the Head of the State. A succession of Turkic/Afghan dynasties ruled the region through 1526 when the area was conquered by Babur, founder of the Mughal Empire. The Gupta Empire existed approximately from 320 to 600 CE and covered much of the broad swathe of northern South Asia, including modern Pakistan but excluding the southern peninsular region. Five millennia ago, the Indus Valley Civilization created great urban centers at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both of which are now in Pakistan. The remaining satraps lay in the Indus Valley, but Alexander ruled off invading the Indus until his forces were in complete control of the newly acquired satraps. Additional History Flashcards . In 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded as a forum, which later became a party, to promote a nationalist cause. We shall fight to the last to free our motherland. Babur was a descendant of Timur (Tamerlane), and his dynasty ruled most of South Asia until 1857 ​when the British took control. The classical Buddhist text Milinda Pañha praises Menander, saying there was "none equal to Milinda in all India". So enraged was Alexander about the resistance put up by the Assakenoi that he killed the entire population of Massaga and reduced its buildings to rubble – similar slaughters followed in Ora. [86][87][88], The Hindu Shahis under Jayapala, is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region and saving their Cultural Identity from Islamic rule. As a result, much of the country consists of rugged mountains. In 1971, East Pakistan fought for independence and was backed by Indira Gandhi, who was then the Indian prime minister. [67][68] The later Iranian shah Khosrow I imported many cultural ephemera from Gupta India, including a Sanskrit anthology of fables called the Panchatantra (which were translated into Pahlavi, eventually filtering into the Shahnameh by Ferdowsi) and even the game of chess (chaturanga).[69]. https://www.thoughtco.com/pakistan-facts-and-history-195642 (accessed May 10, 2021). Prime Minister Mian Nawaz Sharif and President Mamnoon Hussain were elected in 2013. [100] Ahmad Shah next sent an army to subdue the areas north of the Hindu Kush mountains. Bhutto's argument was that there were two majorities. Course Structure. [188] They recruited Biharis and Bengalis who did not support the separation of East Pakistan.[189]. When the state of Pakistan was formed in 1947, its two regions, East Pakistan (also called East Bengal) and West Pakistan, were split along cultural, geographical, and linguistic lines. The empire was divided into four provinces, the imperial capital being at Pataliputra. Riwat is a Paleolithic site in upper Punjab. The battle was fought between the Bharatas tribe and a confederation of ten tribes: The main Vedic tribes remaining in the Indus Valley by 550 BC were the Kamboja, Sindhu, Taksas of Gandhara, the Madras and Kathas of the River Chenab, Mallas of the River Ravi and Tugras of the River Sutlej. Later these forces were named "Muktibahini" (freedom fighters). The precise time span of the period is uncertain. In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire, covering parts of modern-day eastern- Afghanistan, much of what is now Pakistan, parts of India and Bangladesh. Members of the Maurya dynasty were primarily adherents of Buddhism and Hinduism. This note was widely circulated and transmitted by the then East Pakistan Rifles' wireless transmitter. Bhutto joined him. Five millennia ago, the Indus Valley Civilization created great urban centers at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both of which are now in Pakistan. The capital Sagala (modern Sialkot) prospered greatly under Menander's rule and Menander is one of the few Bactrian kings mentioned by Greek authors.[50]. [89] Jayapala however, lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.[90]. Pakistan's two-house Parliament (Majlis-e-Shura) is made up of a 100-member Senate and a 342-member National Assembly. This led to the historic Six point movement. Yahya tried to reconcile the politicians. Initially it was a part of the Mongol Empire, but it became a functionally separate khanate with the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259. Great Britain had been asserting ever-increasing control through the British East India Company since at least 1757. He announced that elections would be held in 1970 and political organisation would be permitted. In 1990 she was dismissed by President Ishaq Khan on charges of corruption. Islamabad, population 1,889,249 (2012 estimate). The lowlands of Pakistan were conquered by Darius the Great around 500 B.C. en The history of Pakistan is replete with periods of intense challenges, but the Pakistani people have always faced those difficult situations with boldness and have rebounded with dignity. Estimates for a, Histories, epigraphy and authority: Achaemenid and indigenous control in Pakistan in the 1st millennium BC, [A.B. Sharif focused on privatization and economic liberalisation of Pakistan. Learn about the history of this organization and who some of the current members are. During this time in 1930, notable writer and poet, Muhammad Iqbal called for a separate and autonomous nation-state, who in his presidential address to the 1930 convention of the Muslim League said that he felt that a separate Muslim state was essential in an otherwise Hindu-dominated South Asia.[119][120]. At this time there were two great cities in. With air supremacy achieved in the eastern theatre and the rapid advance of the Allied Forces of Bangladesh and India, Pakistan surrendered in Dacca on 16 December 1971. 1906 and Hill (2009), pp. [128] After the elections the League took office in Bengal and Punjab, but the Congress won office in most of the other provinces, and refused to devolve power with the League in provinces with large Muslim minorities citing technical difficulties. The dispute over Kashmir escalated into the first war between India and Pakistan. Later Muhammad Ghori conquered the Ghaznavid kingdom, occupying Lahore in 1187.[91]. They competed with each other, allowing for Islamic armies to start to expand into Afghanistan and Pakistan. [192], In 1977 Bhutto was deposed in a bloodless coup by General Zia-ul-Haq, who became the country's third military president. The Partition of India was the process of dividing the subcontinent along sectarian lines, which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from the British Raj.The northern, predominantly Muslim sections of India became the nation of Pakistan, while the southern and majority Hindu section became the Republic of India. The Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was formed on 10 April in Meherpur (later renamed as Mujibnagar, a town adjacent to the Indian border). [147] According to this plan India would be kept united but would be heavily decentralized with separate groupings of Hindu and Muslim majority provinces. Hostile relations in the past between India and Pakistan added to India's decision to intervene in Pakistan's civil war. The Bronze Age in the Indus Valley began around 3300 BCE with the Indus Valley Civilization. Leaving his second son Timur Shah to safeguard his interests, Ahmad Shah left India to return to Afghanistan. They encountered the "Fish Eaters", or Ichthyophagi, primitive people who lived on the Makran coast, who had matted hair, no fire, no metal, no clothes, lived in huts made of whale bones, and ate raw seafood. Select basic ads. In C. Antonetti and P. Biagi (eds.) Until 1956, when the state declared that both Bengali and Urdu would be state languages, the language movement continued. Islamic scholars debated over whether it was possible for the proposed Pakistan to truly become an Islamic state. Moreover, because these themes are overarching, they will most likely be the basis of the essay questions. In 518 BC, Darius led his army through the Khyber Pass and southwards in stages, eventually reaching the Arabian Sea coast in Sindh by 516 BC. But he resigned from office in 2008. After conquering Gandhara and solidifying his supply line back to Bactria, Alexander combined his forces with the King Ambhi of Taxila and crossed the River Indus in July 326 BC to begin the Archosia (Punjab) campaign. The empire was put under the authority of Perdiccas, and the territories were divided among Alexander's generals (the Diadochi), who thereby became satraps of the new provinces. The Pakistani army fought ferociously and many were killed. Several Central Asian Turkic and a Lodhi Pashtun dynasty ruled their empires from Delhi: the Mamluk (1211–90), the Khalji (1290–1320), the Tughlaq (1320–1413), the Sayyid (1414–1451) and the Lodhi (1451–1526). Contemporary historians such as Abolfazl Beyhaqi and Ferdowsi described extensive building work in Lahore, as well as Mahmud's support and patronage of learning, literature and the arts. [172], By the middle of the 1960s the East Pakistani elite concluded that the protection of their interests lay in autonomy.

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